Vega L, Rodrguez-Sosa M, Garca-Montalvo EA, Del Razo LM, Elizondo G
To induce depressive-like behavior, 5 out of 11 of the studies used an inflammatory depression induction protocol through the intraperitoneal administration of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) [32,33,34,35,36] (Table 2) with LPS doses ranging from [36], 0.5 mg.kg -1 [35], 0.83 mg.kg -1 [32, 33, 36], and 1.5 mg.kg -1 [34]
The biphasic response suggests possible mechanisms: lower doses (nanogram range) might work through growth factor upregulation and signaling cascade amplification, while higher doses (microgram range) might involve direct receptor activation or substrate provision for cellular repair
Furthermore, in four countries in which the ISAAC study was not the lone study, its results deviated by a mean of 26.5% from those of other studies
It decelerates biological aging markers but does not reverse chronological age