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All data represent the mean SEM, n=6

The indirect mechanisms consist of modulating gene expression and intracellular signaling pathways, promoting the activation and synthesis of endogenous antioxidant enzymes [38]

In-vitro studies using primary neuronal cells or immortalized neuronal cell lines (like PC12 or SH-SY5Y) have been used to examine the peptide's influence on neurite outgrowth, cell survival, and the expression of nerve growth factors

The Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test are usually adopted to evaluate the bioavailability of peptides at the animal level (100), while in vitro experiments are used to explore the molecular mechanisms associated with the action of active peptides (101)

Meanwhile, the expression of ferritin heavy chain (FTH) was decreased in oligodendrocytes